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1.         Grammatical Cohesion According to Halliday and Hasan (1976: 4), cohesion occurs when the interpretation of some elements in the discourse is dependent on that of another. It concludes that the one element presupposes the other. The element cannot be effectively decoded except by recourse to it. Moreover, the basic concept of it is a semantic one. It refers to relations of meaning that exists within the text. So, when this happens, a relation of cohesion is set up, and the two elements, the presupposing and the presupposed, are thereby integrated into a text. Halliday and Hasan (1976: 39) classify grammatical cohesion into reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunction.

Text Van Dijk (1977 in Stubbs, 1983: 9) says that the term of text to rifer to an abstract theoretical construct which is realized in discourse. In other words, text is to discourse as sentence is to utterance. The term of text is a conceptual thing.    The word text is used in linguistics to refer to any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that does form a unified whole, and as a general rule, whatever any specimen of our own language constitutes a text or not (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 1, 1985: 10). It is stated that a text is a unit of language in use, not grammatical unit.  Text is a semantic unit that is a unit not of form but of meaning. Thus, it is related to a clause or sentence not by size but by realization. Moreover, a text does not consist of sentences, but it is realized by sentences, and a set of related sentences is the embodiment or realization of a text. Hence, the expression of the semantic unity of the text lies in the cohesion among the sentences of whi